Some of the regional Coral Reef Literature especially pertinent to Barbados Reefs
– Crustose coralline algae can contribute more than corals to coral reef carbonate production
Cornwall, C.E Commun Earth Environ 4, 105 (2023).
– The Caribbean Coral Reef: A Record of an Ecosystem Under Threat (Book)
ByWilliam K. Sacco, 2023. CRC Press.
View: Introduction, The Structure of a Reef..
– An emerging coral disease outbreak decimated Caribbean coral populations and reshaped reef functionality
L Alvarez-Fili et al., 2021 “Diseases are major drivers of the deterioration of coral reefs, linked to major declines in coral abundance, reef functionality, and reef-related ecosystems services1-3. An outbreak of a new disease is currently rampaging through the populations of the remaining reef-building corals across the Caribbean region. The outbreak was first reported in Florida in 2014 and reached the northern Mesoamerican reef by summer 2018, where it spread across the ~ 450-km reef system only in a few months4. Rapid infection was generalized across all sites and mortality rates ranged from 94% to < 10% among the 21 afflicted coral species. This single event further modified the coral communities across the region by increasing the relative dominance of weedy corals and reducing reef functionality, both in terms of functional diversity and calcium carbonate production. This emergent disease is likely to become the most lethal disturbance ever recorded in the Caribbean, and it will likely result in the onset of a new functional regime where key reef-building and complex branching acroporids (a genus apparently unaffected) will once again become conspicuous structural features in reef systems with yet even lower levels of physical functionality.”
– The transformation of Caribbean coral communities since humans
Cramer KL, wt al., 2021 in Ecology and Evolution 11:10098-10118. “The mass die-off of Caribbean corals has transformed many of this region’s reefs to macroalgal-dominated habitats since systematic monitoring began in the 1970s. Although attributed to a combination of local and global human stressors, the lack of long-term data on Caribbean reef coral communities has prevented a clear understanding of the causes and consequences of coral declines. We integrated paleoecological, historical, and modern survey data to track the occurrence of major coral species and life-history groups throughout the Caribbean from the prehuman period to the present. The regional loss of Acropora corals beginning by the 1960s from local human disturbances resulted in increases in the occurrence of formerly subdominant stress-tolerant and weedy scleractinian corals and the competitive hydrozoan Millepora beginning in the 1970s and 1980s. These transformations have resulted in the homogenization of coral communities within individual countries. However, increases in stress-tolerant and weedy corals have slowed or reversed since the 1980s and 1990s in tandem with intensified coral bleaching and disease. These patterns reveal the long history of increasingly stressful environmental conditions on Caribbean reefs that began with widespread local human disturbances and have recently culminated in the combined effects of local and global change.”
– A Tale of Two Bermudas
Geoff Hurley in the Halifax Chronicle Herald Dec 20, 2025
About Bermuda but relevant to Barbados and other Caribbean islands “…as a retired fisheries biologist I was surprised to learn once we got there that Bermuda is an island complex surrounded by waters with an ecological collapse in progress…Bermuda is an important “developmental habitat” for juvenile green turtles. The green turtle, once hunted to near extinction, is now a celebrated conservation victory. Decades of work protecting nesting beaches and reducing harvesting mainly in other Mid-atlantic and Caribbean jurisdictions (green turtles rarely nest in Bermuda) has helped populations rebound. But this triumph is only half the story. The abundance of sharks, apex predators, that reside or pass through Bermuda waters has been declining for decades primarily due to overfishing in local and international waters. With their natural population control diminished, the recovering turtles have found themselves in an ecological vacuum. This twin legacy of protection and predation has spawned a silent underwater emergency: severe overgrazing of seagrass meadows. Where once lush underwater prairies waved, vital nurseries for fish and carbon-storing powerhouses, now lie barren stretches of sand, a submarine dust bowl. The turtles, in their hungry success, are literally eating themselves out of house and home thereby degrading a foundational ecosystem. This isn’t mere landscape alteration; it’s the systematic loss of a critical habitat, with juvenile turtles now stunted and underweight, grazing on ever-thinner resources…The crisis deepens at the reef ’s edge. Bermuda’s coral reefs, already facing the global stressors of global warming and acidification, now bear an additional, localized burden. The seagrass meadows, in their healthy state, acted as water-filtration systems and sediment traps. Their loss means more silt and nutrients wash onto the corals, exacerbating disease and smothering delicate polyps. The vibrant, complex reef city, which buffers the island from storm waves and supports fisheries, is being undermined by the famine on the adjacent seabed…This presents a profound contradiction. How can a society adept at managing its finances, its infrastructure and its terrestrial environment appear almost paralyzed in the face of this slow-motion underwater disaster?